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Abstract
Objective Assess major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) risk with opioids compared with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Methods We conducted a new-user active comparator cohort study among patients with RA within FORWARD, The National Databank for Rheumatic Diseases, with ≥1 year participation between 1998 and 2021. Each opioid initiator was matched to two NSAID initiators by propensity scores (PSs). Patients were followed until the occurrence of the composite endpoint of MACE (myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, cardiovascular disease (CVD) death, venous thromboembolism (VTE)) and all-cause mortality. The risk of outcomes was estimated using Cox proportional hazards with adjustment for PS weights and imbalanced covariables.
Results Among 6866 opioid initiators and 13 689 NSAID initiators, 212 vs 253 MACE (20.6/1000 person-years (PY) vs 18.9/1000 PY) and 144 vs 150 deaths (13.5/1000 PY vs 10.8/1000 PY) occurred, respectively. The risk of MACE with opioids was similar to NSAIDs (HR=1.02, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.22), whereas all-cause mortality with opioids was 33% higher than NSAIDs (HR=1.33, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.67) in PS-weighted models. Among the individual outcomes of MACE, VTE risk tended to be higher in opioid initiators than NSAID initiators (HR=1.41, 95% CI 0.84 to 2.35). Strong opioids had a higher risk for all-cause mortality and VTE than weak opioids compared with NSAIDs suggesting a dose-dependent association.
Conclusion Opioids had similar MACE risk compared with NSAIDs in patients with RA with increased all-cause mortality and likely VTE, which suggests that opioids are not safer than NSAIDs, as clinicians have perceived.
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid
- Cardiovascular Diseases
- Epidemiology
- Analgesics
Data availability statement
Data are available upon reasonable request.
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Data availability statement
Data are available upon reasonable request.
Footnotes
Handling editor Josef S Smolen
Twitter @Dr_K
Contributors All authors met the authorship criteria, they had a substantial contribution to the conception or design of the work (GO, SP, KM) or the acquisition (GO, SP, KM), analysis (GO, SP, KM) or interpretation of data for the work (all authors) and were involved in revising a draft of this work, gave final approval of this version and are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring accuracy and integrity. KM accepts full responsibility for the work and/or the conduct of the study, had access to the data and controlled the decision to publish.
Funding Rheumatology Research Foundation Resident Preceptor Award. The funding source had no contributions to study design, statistical analysis, interpretation and manuscript preparation.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
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